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Protein Localization

Protein functional activities correspond with their subcellular expression and molecular complexing interactions. Localization can be effectively demonstrated with fluorescence microscopy based techniques or fractionation procedures. A broad spectrum of fluorescence imaging can be accomplished by using recombinant reporter proteins, (i.e. GFP, SNAP-tag®), or fluorescent dyes (i.e. Alexa), or fluorophore labeled molecules (i.e. protein specific antibodies). Cells can be genetically modified to overexpress protein targets, or regulatory components of non-coding sequences, for purposes such as determining fundamental cellular processes, disease mechanisms, gene therapy, and response to therapies. Fusion protein tags can be detected by antibodies or have functional properties to enable localization. Bioluminescent protein and fluorescent protein labeling systems are such genetically engineered optical imaging tools, with greater specificity at lower concentrations than other methods. With this approach, imaging can be in fixed or living cells, tissues or animals. A very attractive feature of the labeling of fusion proteins is that the labeling itself can be restricted to certain locations of a cell (i.e. SNAP-Cell® or SNAP-Surface®). Such discrimination cannot be easily achieved when using bioluminescent proteins. Some fluorescent protein labeling systems enable small nonfluorescent molecules to become fluorescent when bound to a small genetically inserted peptide sequence in the target protein of interest (i.e. FlAsH). Advances in genetically engineered fluorescence systems and microscopy optic machinery, have made imaging a core method for protein localization.

SNAP-tag®, SNAP-Cell® and SNAP-Surface® are registered trademarks of New England Biolabs, Inc.


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FAQs for Protein Localization
Protocols for Protein Localization
Application Notes for Protein Localization
    Publications related to Protein Localization
    • Ke, N., Landgraf, D., Paulsson, J. and Berkmen, M. (2016) Visualization of Periplasmic and Cytoplasmic Proteins with a Self-Labeling Protein Tag. J Bacteriol; Jan 19;198(7), 1035-43. PubMedID: 26787765
Features of SNAP-tag®/CLIP-tag™
  • Clone and express once, then use with a variety of substrates
  • Non-toxic to living cells
  • Wide selection of fluorescent substrates
  • Highly specific covalent labeling
  • Simultaneous dual labeling
Applications of SNAP-tag®/CLIP-tag™
  • Simultaneous dual protein labeling inside live cells
  • Protein localization and translocation
  • Pulse-chase experiments
  • Receptor internalization studies
  • Selective cell surface labeling
  • Protein pull-down assays
  • Protein detection in SDS-PAGE
  • Flow cytometry
  • High throughput binding assays in microtiter plates
  • Biosensor interaction experiments
  • FRET-based binding assays
  • Single molecule labeling
  • Super-resolution microscopy
Protein Labeling with SNAP-tag and CLIP-tag
The SNAP- (gold) or CLIP-tag (purple) is fused to the protein of interest (blue). Labeling occurs through covalent attachment to the tag, releasing either a guanine or a cytosine moiety.
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This product is intended for research purposes only. This product is not intended to be used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes in humans or animals.